Multiple uses of water aquaculture-integrated agriculture systems (AIAS) are inevitable to produce more food per drop of water to address water shortage, food insecurity, and climate change. This survey intends to outline the multiple-use water in pond-based AIAS in light of legal regulations and water salinity. Scenarios for pond-based AIA and their impact on the environment were presented and discussed. Pond-based AIA has been demonstrated to have many social, economic, and environmental benefits. Moreover, international and national experiences and attempts for genuine applications were exhibited. Throughout, pond-based AIA farming practices are seen as a proficient utilization of water that aids food sustainability. It was concluded that pond-based AIA could aid in increasing productivity, income for food producers and soil fertility, ecosystem maintenance, and adaptation to environmental change. AIAS helps adapt to and mitigate climate change by reducing waste and greenhouse gas emissions, reducing pressure on water resources, and recycling nutrients. Finally, developing and promoting the expansion of rotation of wheat-fish and pond-based AIA in the desert and encouraging global collaboration for information and knowledge transfer among different countries were discussed.

Fish drainage water is a non-conventional water resource that can be exploited for irrigation due to its constituents of beneficial nutrients, signifying it as environment-friendly bio-fertilizers. Limited water resources, the elevated cost of mineral fertilizers hazards as well as attaining healthy food are of paramount significance in the agriculture sector in Egypt. The utilization of bio-fertilizers is an avenue to fulfil agricultural sustainability, production of clean crops and preservation of the soil from the accumulation of heavy metals and chemicals. Hence, this study aims to find non-conventional alternative water resources to be used for irrigation of pomegranate fruit yield. Two resources of water were utilized, and three types of bio-fertilizers were applied. Results showed that, fish drainage water increased the total yield (kg/fed) by 25.2% as compared to freshwater. Chicken manure increased the total yield (kg/fed) by 22.37 and 11.89% in comparison with cattle and compost organic fertilizer under fish drainage water, respectively. The use of chicken manure yielded the highest net return (2420.79US $/fed), while compost and cattle dung were found to be (2123.52US $/fed) and (1721.66US $/fed), respectively, under using fish drainage water. The study showed that the use of fish drainage water as an organic resource would be an alternative to commercial fertilizers, which could reduce the total cost and thus increase the net profit and yield. Less dependency of commercial fertilizer would have an impact on reducing the emissions of CO2 mitigating global warming.

Irrigation method has a great effect on water consumption, productivity and profitability of certain crops. Egypt is suffering from water scarcity, it is of great importance to apply modern irrigation techniques to achieve highest productivity with optimum water consumption. This research aims at evaluating the compare drip and surface irrigation systems in old lands of medium salinity in the Nile Delta, determining the best irrigation method to achieve the highest water productivity and optimum water consumption. A field experiment is performed in summer and winter seasons of 2020/2021. Soil and water characteristics are determined through representative sampling. The results show the differences in total cost of producing different summer and winter crops under tested irrigation systems. Surface irrigation system total cost was increased, while drip irrigation system total cost was decreased under all treatments with 29% to 54% based on the crop type. Also, drip irrigation gave more efficient water uses and water saving under different summer and winter crops. Hence, Drip irrigation system increased the value of water use efficiency, while surface irrigation system gave high value of productivity compared with drip irrigation system, due to higher salinity, additional leaching water used to control soil salinity.

The recent challenge in agriculture is producing more yields by consuming less water, especially in areas with limited resources of land and water. The study was carried out at Sakha Agricultural Research station., kafr el- sheikh governorate, Egypt, during the 2018 and 2019 summer seasons to evaluate productivity and economic profitability of cowpea intercrop with maize under different sowing dates of cowpea as well as evaluate the efficiency of the system using the land equivalent ratio (LER), water equivalent ratio (WER), some water relations also Gross return. The split-plot design with three replications was used. The main plots were assigned to the cowpea sowing date (D1-1st May, D2 - 20th May, and D3- 9th June), the sub-plot was contained to the intercropping pattern (P1-(1:1), P2- (1:2) and P3-(2:4)). The highest values of irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and crop water use efficiency (CWUE) were given with the first sowing date under the intercropping system (1:2). The cowpea sowing dates had no significant differences in yield and some components of maize and on its interaction with intercropping patterns. The highest LER was found with the third sowing date for cowpea under intercropping system (1:2) treatment in two seasons, respectively. In economic viewpoint high additional increase in profits over each cost for all intercropping patterns especially the third sowing date for cowpea under the intercropping system (1:2).

Water balance analysis helps in managing water supply. Therefore, matching between water supply and demand is very important to overcome water shortage.This study aims at presenting comprehensive analysis to understand the nature of operating system in the traditional surface irrigation systems aiming to establish a comprehensive analysis to sustain the irrigation system, considering the problems of water supply, inequity, water quality deterioration, and poor irrigation and drainage management. Analysis in this study was done in two hubs. Firstly, study the parameters affecting water supply and demand; secondly, assessing water availability, adequacy, equity and distribution of irrigation during 24 hours’ cycle.The study area is located in Kafr El-Dawar irrigation district, El-Beheira governorate in the western part of the Nile Delta.The findings show that the differences in water balance per feddan (feddan is an Egyptian land unit equals 4206 m2) at all tertiary canals (meskas) are small; At the head of the canals, no night irrigation or drainage water reuse events during the irrigation seasons were observed; and the irrigation rotation is irregular. These findings elaborate that the location on the canal and the presence of subsurface drainage are mainly affecting the water balance in the study area.

Soil and water agro-management techniques play a critical role in grown crops to increase productivity. Mulching is one of the good agriculture practices methods to conserve soil moisture, control weeds and improve soil physical properties. Two field experiments were implemented at Wadi El-Natron Research Station, Water Management Research Institute, National Water Research Center, Egypt, during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 winter seasons to evaluate the effect of four mulching types, No Mulch (NM, Control), Rice Straw Mulch (RSM), White Polyethylene Film Mulch (WPFM) and Black Polyethylene Film Mulch (BPFM) of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv, Zwanpoly) yield and quality as well as water use efficiency for root (WUEroot) and sugar (WUEsugar) in sandy soil. Significant differences among mulching types were observed. The results indicated that, both BPFM and WPFM recorded the highest sucrose values (21.14 and 19.77%), purity (85.88 and 82.01%), extractable sugar (19.49 and 17.68%), root yield (58.70 and 53.92 ton ha-1 ) and sugar yield (11.44 and 9.53 ton ha-1 ) in the 1st and 2nd season, respectively. On the contrary, NM recorded the highest impurities percentage and low weed control efficiency. Average of WUEroot (6.08, 7.36, 9.78 and 9.97 kg m-3 ) and WUEsugar (0.89, 1.16, 1.73 and 1.94 kg m-3 ) resulted from NM, RSM, WPFM, and BPFM, respectively, as an average in two seasons. Weed control efficiency values were (40.9, 30.45, 5.2 and zero%) for BPFM, WPFM, RSM, and NM, respectively and that helped in maintaining higher moisture content in the crop root zone. Keywords: Mulching, Sugar beet, WUE, Polyethylene

TWO field experiments with onion and garlic were carried out on clay loam soil under different water sources (i.e. fresh, drainage and mixed) in interaction with four rates of N (30%; 45 and 60 kg N fed-1, 60%; 90 and 120 kg N fed-1, 90%; 135 and 180 kg N fed-1 and 120%; 180 and 240 kg N fed-1 of the recommended rate for onion and garlic, respectively) to assess its effects on growth attributes and yield as well as following up the changes of some soil chemical properties after the growing seasons. The side effect of using low water quality on soil properties and water relations was also traced. Drainage and mixed water significantly increased the EC, pH and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the soil under both crops comparing to the fresh water. This was more vigorous under 120% nitrogen rate. In soil irrigated with fresh water, EC were decreased by ~ 26.5% under the initial level on base of over all mean of nitrogen treatments. The low quality waters reflected decrements in EC values by about 10.6% under initial and increments by about 9.7% over the initial for mixed and drainage water, respectively. In meanwhile, the SAR values increased after growing seasons with all water sources, and it affected by water quality where it increased as the low water quality applied, whereas it recorded the highest value with drainage water followed by mixed water. Additionally, the application of 60 and 90% reveal a slight increase in soil chemical properties as the mixed and drainage water were used. Fresh water treatment increased growth and crop yields for both garlic and onion compared to mixed and drainage water treatments. Increasing N rate from 30 up to 120 % of the recommended N rate significantly increased garlic yield by 53.9% and onion yield by 16.3%. The highest WUE for onion (7.44 and 6.79 kg m-3) and for garlic (3.33 and 3.00 kg m-3) resulted from 120 % of the recommended N rate with fresh and mixed water, respectively

The present research was implemented at Wadi El-Natrun Research Station in the western desert of Egypt to investigate the effect of different planting methods of sugar beet (traditional and transplanting) on water requirement, water saving, growth analysis, net return, quality and yield of mono and multi-germ sugar beet varieties grown under sandy soil conditions. Results revealed that planting sugar beet using transplanting method resulted in the highest water use efficiency, root and sugar yield, and net return, compared with that sown traditionally using dry seeds, in both growing seasons. Multigerm varieties recorded the highest significant leaf area index, crop growth rate, sucrose and extractable sugar percentages in both seasons. Irrigation water requirements decreased by (27.6, 26.5), (22.2, 21.6) and (10.4, 9.9) % by increasing transplanting period to 30 days from planting compared to 0 (direct sowing), 10 and 20 days transplanting period in the first and second season, respectively. The highest root water use efficiency values were obtained when sugar beet transplanting 30 days and with mono-germ variety (11.84 and 13.26) kg/m3, respectively). However, the lowest values of them (7.29 and 8.47 kg/m3, respectively) were obtained when using the traditional method with multi-germ variety in the first and second season, respectively. Transplanting 30 days saved water by about 26.8 and 26% compared with traditional method in the first and second season

The main objective of the present study is to improve onion crop yield using aquaculture drainage under surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems. Field experiments are carried out on onion crop under conditions of two different water resources (groundwater and aquaculture drainage), two types of filters (screen filter for groundwater, while screen, sand and combined screen-sand filters for aquaculture drainage) and four different pressures (1.0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 bar). The performance of the tested drip irrigation systems is evaluated based on filtration efficiency, discharge reduction, application efficiency, emitters clogging, emission uniformity, and onion yield and water-use efficiency. The obtained experimental results show that irrigation with aquaculture drainage gives the highest onion yield of 19.17 Mg/fed for surface drip irrigation and 17.03 Mg/fed for subsurface drip irrigation compared to groundwater, which gives 17.55 Mg/fed for surface irrigation and 14.20 Mg/fed for subsurface irrigation. Surface drip irrigation achieves the lowest emitter clogging (5.98 % for groundwater and 5.86 % for aquaculture drainage) and the highest emission uniformity (90.22 % for groundwater and 89.91 % for aquaculture drainage) in comparison with a subsurface drip irrigation system that gives the lowest emitter clogging (7.98 % for groundwater and 7.55 % for aquaculture drainage) and the highest emission uniformity (91.04 % for groundwater and 90.54 % for aquaculture drainage) at 1.6 bar pressure. It is recommended to use aquaculture drainage for operating surface drip irrigation systems under pressure of 1.4 bar, using combined screen-sand filters for aquaculture drainage filtration, while screen filter for groundwater filtratio

El-Bagoriya canal is a main canal in the Middle Delta and it is the main water source for West Kafr El-Sheikh irrigation directorate. As originally a natural canal, El-Bagoriya canal has specific characteristics that affected its hydraulic performance, and which resulted in a problem in conveying required water supply to downstream irrigation directorates. With the installation of two new municipal stations on the canal, there was a plan to dredge of the canal inside El- Monofiya irrigation directorate to increase its hydraulic capacity. A research project was conducted to help the irrigation directorate implementing the dredging in the best way. The research activities included surveying the cross sections using modern surveying techniques, using ArcMap program to develop contour maps from the surveyed points and derive cross sections from these counter maps. The activities also included using the simulation model to check the original situation, the suggested dredging scenario, and the actual dredging. The results showed that the suggested dredging could improve the flow inside the investigated reach from 53.5 m3 /sec to 64.5 m3 /sec while maintaining minimum water slope inside the reach. Actual dredging could improve the flow inside this reach to 57.5 m3 /sec while maintaining the same water slopes.

Beni-Suef desert represents one of the interesting areas for land reclamation and future urban areas. This work aimed to assess the groundwater potentiality and suitability for different purposes by using the electrical resistivity and hydrochemistry studies. In the area of investigation, 32 vertical electrical soundings (VES) were implemented in order to determine the groundwater potentiality, as well as 42 samples of water were collected and analyzed. The suitability of gathered samples of water for irrigation was evaluated throughout: salinity index, sodium hazard (Na %), ratio of sodium adsorption (SAR), chloride hazards, soluble sodium percentage (SSP), magnesium ratio (MH), and other indicators. Results were represented in “Opportunity Map” by GIS layers, to denote major element distribution. Analysis indicated a presence of two potentiality zones in the study area that refer to Quaternary and Eocene aquifer. Results indicated that the east and north parts of the area of investigation have low groundwater potentiality for irrigation and domestic uses, whereas southern region has medium groundwater potentiality. On the other hand, all the gathered samples of groundwater are inappropriate for domestic use. Most of the studied groundwater samples can be used for irrigation according to SAR and US salinity chart, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelly’s ratio (KR), and permeability index. The prepared opportunity map reflects the evaluation of water potentiality in the study area.